Executive Summary: The United States and Japan each offer a one-year route around certain patent-defeating disclosures. That shared duration is useful—and dangerously incomplete. The U.S. rule asks whether a disclosure falls within a source- and subject-matter-based exception to prior art measured from the claimed invention’s effective filing date. Japan’s rule asks whether a disclosure that would otherwise defeat novelty or inventive step qualifies for a statutory exception

Executive Summary: This article examines how the meaning of “inventor” differs across the United States, Europe, South Korea, China, and Japan, focusing on whether inventorship is determined by the inventions claimed or by everything described in the application. It distinguishes the legally relevant object of the inquiry from the evidence used to identify its creators: claims may define the invention, while the specification, drawings, prior art, and development record revea

Executive Summary: This article compares how prosecution history can limit patent claim scope in the United States, the EPO, Korea, Japan, and China. In the United States, prosecution history operates through several related doctrines: ordinary claim construction, prosecution disclaimer, amendment-based prosecution history estoppel under Festo, and argument-based estoppel where applicant remarks clearly surrender subject matter. The EPO stands apart because EPC proceedings ge

Executive Summary: Bayh–Dole is best understood not as an automatic university-ownership rule, but as a conditional government–contractor bargain that permits a contractor to retain title to qualifying federally funded inventions while preserving disclosure and patenting duties, utilization reporting, a paid-up government license, domestic-manufacturing safeguards, nonprofit-specific restrictions, and discretionary march-in authority tied to practical application. A comparati

Executive Summary: “Small entity” and “micro entity” are not portable characteristics of a patent applicant. They are classifications created by U.S. law for particular applications and patents before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”). A company that pays small-entity fees at the USPTO does not automatically receive a corresponding reduction before the European Patent Office (“EPO”), Japan Patent Office (“JPO”), Korea’s Ministry of Intellectual Property (“MOIP”),